![]() ![]() Neophalloplasty – female genitalia is reorganised in a complicated, multi-staged surgical process that aims to first fashion a phallus out of tissue sourced from elsewhere on the patient’s body, then transfer this to the genital region to create a neopenis, with or without a neoscrotum containing prostheses. Metoidoplasty – female genitalia is refashioned to replicate the appearance of a small penis, by an operation to release clitoral tissue that has been enlarged from testosterone. The kinds of genital surgery females may also undergo are (Crane, 2016 Boskey, 2020): The doctors best placed to care for any problems with a neovagina are probably the surgeons who specialise in performing those genital operations. ![]() In contrast, the surgical reproduction of a vagina creates a neovagina, which requires regular dilation and cleaning regimens. Gynaecologists are the experts in the healthcare of this organ. The vagina does not require any douching. For example, the female vagina is a self-lubricating organ, which has the capacity to allow a baby to pass through during childbirth. Thus there are important differences in function and structure, in terms of physiology and potential medical concerns. These may achieve a desired aesthetic result, but medicine cannot fashion sex organs in a true anatomical and histological sense. There are also a number of plastic surgery procedures that attempt to cosmetically replicate the genitalia of the opposite sex. Interventions are sex-dependent, and might include (Coleman et al., 2012): Females ![]() While the use of exogenous opposite sex hormones and surgery is known as ‘medical transitioning’, these do not change a person’s underlying biological sex. Surgery might also be used to alter or remove reproductive organs. Sex hormones (oestrogen and testosterone) can be administered to further alter someone’s appearance and may impact mood or personality because the compounds are psychoactive. For example, a female might chest-bind in order to minimise breast visibility, although this is associated with negative symptoms such as rib pain or reduced ability to breathe normally (Peitzmeier et al., 2017). Clothing, make-up and prostheses might be used by some people to modify how they look. It is possible to change a person’s outward appearance, including bodily features. A person’s genetic inheritance, their biological sex, is an immutable characteristic. People may change many features about their lives, such as their interests, hobbies, diet, friends or careers. Humans cannot change sex, which was determined at fertilization (genotype) and during embryonic development (phenotype). ![]()
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